The paper analyzes the process of population transition with the Southwest in the period of 1979-2014, drawing from the results of the Vietnam population censuses. Some of the main patterns are generalized as follows: population growth rate is decreasing but urban areas are still much higher than rural areas, although the proportion of urban population is still low; The size of the rural population is decreasing in the last 15 years; Population structure is gradually shifting from children to the early stages of population aging. Compared to other regions, the process of rural population depletion in the Southwest region occurs earlier because this is where the proportion of migrant workers leaving the region is higher. The trend of population aging and rural population decline poses many challenges to the health care system and social security for the elderly as well as the region's population income.